Sagarmatha Multiple College, Dillibazar, Kathmandu, announces the entrance examination for admission into the BALLB program for the academic year 2081/82. Eligible candidates are invited to apply by submitting the required documents and entrance fee. The entrance test will include written exams and an interview. Interested students must complete their application before the specified deadline.

A company or a corporation is an artificial person or a legal entity created by the authority of laws of a country, and they are considered to be having a separate legal identity from that of its members, perpetual succession, and a common seal. This means that a company is an “artificial person” invisible, intangible and with a discrete legal entity created by law. So, can such “legal entities” without any physical form commit crimes? And if so, why do they commit crimes? Companies indeed commit crimes. Edwin Sutherland in 1949 presented a paper that said that corporations break the law and they get away with it. He studied in detail the derelictions of companies (70 large companies and 15 public utilities) and focused on antitrust violations, false advertising, theft of trade secrets and bribery. A company, if regarded as a person, can indeed incur liabilities like a natural person for its wrongdoings. This train of thought led to the development of the concept of corporate crime. Basically, corporate crime focuses on individual, collective and organizational wrongdoing in a business setting.

The scope for corporate crime has increased rapidly because of global capitalism, cyber cash, e-commerce, and rapidly shifting industrial infrastructure. In fact, corporate crimes are considered to be even more damaging to the society than the so called “common crimes” like burglary, theft etc. Moreover, experts speculate that the costs of corporate crimes are 10- 35 times more than the ‘common’ crimes. The range of crimes committed by companies is much wider than what was traditionally understood, it includes price fixing, stock market manipulation, insider trading, anti-competitive market manipulations, the formation of illegal cartels, manufacturing of highly dangerous products, environment pollution, violation of health and safety regulations in the workplace often leading to death or serious injuries, false or misleading advertising, consumer fraud, racial and gender discrimination, bribery, espionage, and other fiscal offences.

White collar crime is a social category or concept like juvenile delinquency, rather than a legal concept. Sutherland defined the term white collar crime as a “crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation and which involves a violation of delegated or implied trust”, in one form or another. The definition of white collar crime as per Herbert Edelhertz is as follows: “an illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by non-physical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain money or property, to avoid the payment or loss of money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage.”

The American Bar Association in its report on economic offences defined white collar crime as “An economic offence is any non-violent illegal activity which principally involves deceit, misrepresentation, concealment, manipulation, breach of trust, subterfuge, or illegal circumvention.” And Gilbert Geis states that such crimes “deals death not deliberately but through inadvertence, omission and indifference.”
Traditionally almost all of the criminological theories dealt with crimes committed by humans that also especially focused on economically not so well-off people. Because of which these theories were inadequate to understand the phenomenon of white-collar crime and corporate crime. Edward Sutherland coined the term ‘white collar crime’ in 1939 after which the theories of criminality of the upper class and corporations grew with leaps and bounds.

The Scope for corporate crime has increased rapidly in the last two decades because of globalization and emergence of new ways of conducting business like cyber cash etc. The crimes committed by companies have also increased and includes criminogenic situations in every aspect of their operation from formation to dissolution. Thus, in this paper the criminal activities of corporations have been divided in to 8 categories which includes corporate fraud, corporate environment crimes etc.

Sutherland’s claim that the differential association theory as per which offenders learn criminogenic behavior from their peers is an all-encompassing theory to answer criminal behavior seems inadequate because of the following reasons.

• Companies are legal entities and do not have a physical form and they do not have peers with whom they associate on a regular basis. So, their behavior cannot be learned from friends etc.
• The theory itself seems incomplete because if indeed criminal behavior is learned from peers, then who did the original criminal learn it from? This question here could lead us on a ‘chicken or egg first?’ journey.
  So, Sutherland’s claim that the theory of differential association is all encompassing is in fact not true.

Theories of strain, opportunity and chance might give a better perspective on corporate crime. In a competitive world like the corporate world there is a constant pressure to maintain and grow and in such instances the companies seek opportunities which are criminogenic, for the overall benefit of the company. However, in the end choice is what determines the outcome. The perceived utility may trump the costs of such illegal activities. So, it can be said that corporate crimes are a result of strain, opportunity and choice.

So, how are such problems to be removed from the society? The answer is deterrence. Specific deterrence could take the form of penalties, criminal fines, dissolution of the company etc. And in such cases even general deterrence would be more effective than in crimes of passion.

The philosophy behind responsibility of a person in the legal field has been considered a value emersed in good behavior for the longest of times. The professional ethics an individual should maintain while entering the legal profession has to be comprised of a person with good heart and intentions to serve for the welfare of the society. It is believed for the most part that lawyers, judges and anyone in the legal field are to understand the responsibility they are given by the society and carefully look after the burden they shoulder. Learning and grooming oneself to be ethical is an essential part of growing up while entering the legal profession. As professionals who are to be serving the public, it is important that they are sensitive and understanding towards the community and its problems. Throughout the learning and growing process of young law students, they go through a number of obstacles that have to be solved with the utmost care and respect. As ethical, moral and cultural dilemma can be a difficult topic to solve with, it is what makes the individual responsible, creative and practical, which are all essential qualities for a lawyer to be.

To be a lawyer one must be able to tackle all sorts of problems that may come on the way. From being sympathetic and understanding, to being polite and smart, lawyers carry a huge burden when it comes to serving people in the society. Young law students need to go through their own set of values and manners to be the best version of themselves. Lawyers need to have an excellent hold over the language they speak and should be able to explain their clients all the strengths and weaknesses of their concerns. This will allow their clients to make informed decisions to solve their problems. Institutions help a great deal when it comes to shaping their students to be a sensible adult shouldering crushing responsibility. Being a lawyer in a competitive society as such will indeed take a lot from one’s mind and body where individuals should be willing go through. The ethical responsibility is a big part of a lawyer’s life also being a sensible and rational. To be able to come out as a responsible person, a lawyer needs to have a set of beliefs which are only true of intentions and are good in nature.

Economic Subordination of Women: Why we need to talk about it.

To arrive at a balanced equation that preludes to a society that is inclusive in nature can a slow process. The change of dynamics in the everchanging world is proving time and again to be flimsy. Arriving at gender equality to be something of great importance, the world seems to forget the actual value of equality and equity. Blurring the sexual division and pretending to be superficially gender inclusive is a forefront to attract an audience in this 21st century that will guarantee popularity. The issue of women and minority rights have been overlooked at its best where policy makers themselves do not realize the need for change. The subordination women face in an everyday life is a topic that needs to be discussed and sought out for modification. Economic subordination on a specificity is the subordination of women through patriarchal institutions and social reforms that compel the women to fall in the secondary status and in the inferior category in this capitalistic world. The sexual division of labor work in the market and an unequal pay gap is the key element to contribute in the economic subordination of women. Emphasizing the biological difference and amounting to the fact that says “a women can’t do this” takes another jump in the subordination of women in the economic sphere by gap in the pay when the male individual of same skill and education is paid more than the woman individual of the same skill and education. So, the search for equality is always at large; may it be distribution of chores at home or equal pay in the workplace.

The phrase subordination of women refers to the general characteristics of male dominance in gender relation. It can further emphasize the historically specific of exploitation, oppression, inequality and discrimination of women. In certain writings, its usage refers and unchanging historical constant patriarchy, rather than changing forms of dominance and is often used in feminist political analysis which gives primacy to the relations between men and women. Economic empowerment allows both men and women to take control over their lives by gaining skills, setting their own agendas, fulfilling basic needs, build self-confidence and self-reliance. Specially for women, economic empowerment would mean an increased control over their lives by acquiring a voice and a stance to challenge the inequality they face every day. It is a known fact that women experience inequality on a predominant level. Therefore, the push in economic empowerment will help women get out of the subordination and become more aware about the disparity in power relations they face. It can be a slow and a difficult process become women all over the world, ranging from different backgrounds, cast, culture, religion, geography have their own separate process of growth. The economical subordination of women is a different battle in itself that needs special attention and a drastic change in laws that will take years to be published.

However, laws can never be the ultimate salvation for women who face discrimination and subordination the minute they step out of the house. May it be a stranger on a bus who thinks he is entitled to have his hands on a woman without her permission just because he can, a wife who has to face abuse on the hands of her husband when she asks for money to spend on her children, or a working woman who is paid less than her male co-worker who is much less qualified than her, the scenario of harassment at the workplace is a whole other ball game. Laws are made but never applied in real life situations because people don’t bother or think it is not a big deal to have women bow down.

It is said that women worldwide only make 77 cents for every dollar a man earns. As a result, there is a lifetime of unequal income between men and women to conclude that more and more women are retiring into poverty far more quickly. This stubborn inequality in the average wages between men and women prevails in all countries in all the sectors. A stereotype that proclaims that men can do better than women make it so that jobs done by women are under-valued. Even while the work itself may require equal or more effort and skill, it is still renumerated less and undervalued. For women of color, immigrants and working mothers, the gap is wider. The penalty for motherhood pushes women into informal poverty that pushes them to find more jobs.

The act of discrimination is not something natural but rather a human creation. The world will not be ablet to prosper if until and unless the entire human race procures their contribution. Increasing the occupational opportunities and providing them the payment they deserve is a bump in the economic welfare where we all can benefit from. Social institutions need to understand the need for a changed society and give everyone the chance they deserve. The greater inclusion of discriminatory social institutions reflects the international community’s commitments to transformative change. However, enforcing and monitoring these commitments could be a key to really find the end of gender disparity and provide economic gains to those who need it. Focusing only on the economic cost of gender-based discrimination in outcomes underestimated the ultimate loss associated with gender-based discrimination.

At Sagarmatha College, the pursuit of educational excellence is matched only by the dedication to embracing innovative teaching methodologies. With a mission to nurture well-rounded individuals equipped with both knowledge and critical thinking skills, Sagarmatha College has become a beacon of progressive education in the academic landscape. Through a holistic approach to learning, faculty members at Sagarmatha College continuously explore new pedagogical techniques, adapting to the evolving needs of students and the demands of a rapidly changing world.

One of the hallmarks of Sagarmatha College’s educational philosophy is the integration of technology into the learning process. Recognizing the transformative potential of digital tools, instructors leverage various platforms and applications to enhance engagement, facilitate collaboration, and personalize learning experiences. Whether through interactive online modules, virtual simulations, or multimedia presentations, technology serves as a catalyst for exploration and discovery, empowering students to delve deeper into subject matter and cultivate essential digital literacy skills. By harnessing the power of technology, Sagarmatha College fosters an environment where creativity flourishes, and students are encouraged to embrace experimentation and innovation in their academic pursuits.

At Sagarmatha College, the pursuit of educational excellence is matched only by the dedication to embracing innovative teaching methodologies. With a mission to nurture well-rounded individuals equipped with both knowledge and critical thinking skills, Sagarmatha College has become a beacon of progressive education in the academic landscape. Through a holistic approach to learning, faculty members at Sagarmatha College continuously explore new pedagogical techniques, adapting to the evolving needs of students and the demands of a rapidly changing world.

One of the hallmarks of Sagarmatha College’s educational philosophy is the integration of technology into the learning process. Recognizing the transformative potential of digital tools, instructors leverage various platforms and applications to enhance engagement, facilitate collaboration, and personalize learning experiences. Whether through interactive online modules, virtual simulations, or multimedia presentations, technology serves as a catalyst for exploration and discovery, empowering students to delve deeper into subject matter and cultivate essential digital literacy skills. By harnessing the power of technology, Sagarmatha College fosters an environment where creativity flourishes, and students are encouraged to embrace experimentation and innovation in their academic pursuits.

At Sagarmatha College, the pursuit of educational excellence is matched only by the dedication to embracing innovative teaching methodologies. With a mission to nurture well-rounded individuals equipped with both knowledge and critical thinking skills, Sagarmatha College has become a beacon of progressive education in the academic landscape. Through a holistic approach to learning, faculty members at Sagarmatha College continuously explore new pedagogical techniques, adapting to the evolving needs of students and the demands of a rapidly changing world.

One of the hallmarks of Sagarmatha College’s educational philosophy is the integration of technology into the learning process. Recognizing the transformative potential of digital tools, instructors leverage various platforms and applications to enhance engagement, facilitate collaboration, and personalize learning experiences. Whether through interactive online modules, virtual simulations, or multimedia presentations, technology serves as a catalyst for exploration and discovery, empowering students to delve deeper into subject matter and cultivate essential digital literacy skills. By harnessing the power of technology, Sagarmatha College fosters an environment where creativity flourishes, and students are encouraged to embrace experimentation and innovation in their academic pursuits.

At Sagarmatha College, the pursuit of educational excellence is matched only by the dedication to embracing innovative teaching methodologies. With a mission to nurture well-rounded individuals equipped with both knowledge and critical thinking skills, Sagarmatha College has become a beacon of progressive education in the academic landscape. Through a holistic approach to learning, faculty members at Sagarmatha College continuously explore new pedagogical techniques, adapting to the evolving needs of students and the demands of a rapidly changing world.

One of the hallmarks of Sagarmatha College’s educational philosophy is the integration of technology into the learning process. Recognizing the transformative potential of digital tools, instructors leverage various platforms and applications to enhance engagement, facilitate collaboration, and personalize learning experiences. Whether through interactive online modules, virtual simulations, or multimedia presentations, technology serves as a catalyst for exploration and discovery, empowering students to delve deeper into subject matter and cultivate essential digital literacy skills. By harnessing the power of technology, Sagarmatha College fosters an environment where creativity flourishes, and students are encouraged to embrace experimentation and innovation in their academic pursuits.